Databases

Coverage: ~23M individuals · >99% of Taiwan population

Time period: 2000–present

Universal single-payer claims; 70+ billion records and 3.4 billion medical images as of 2024, now including structured laboratory and imaging data.

Coverage: ~1.5M individuals · ~6–10% of Taiwan population

Time period: 2011–present

Standardized electronic medical records from seven Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals; research data available since 2011 with ~1-month latency.

Coverage: ~200K community participants · target 1M

Time period: 2012–present

Population-based biomedical biobank linking genomic, lifestyle, and clinical data.

Coverage: ~50M individuals · nationwide Korea (universal NHI)

Time period: 2009–present

Independent agency that reviews claims for reimbursement appropriateness; provides researchers a separate access pathway to Korean NHI claims since 2009 (open data initiative 2013).

Coverage: ~50M individuals · nationwide Korea (compulsory NHI)

Time period: 2002–present

Population-level claims with periodic national health screening linkage; complementary to HIRA, with additional linkage to enrolment and health-check data.

Coverage: ~120M individuals · effectively all of Japan

Time period: 2008–2026

Nationwide insurance claims and specific health checkup records used for medical-cost optimization research.

Coverage: Cumulative ~33.66M identifiers · annual ~18.30M (Apr 2025–Mar 2026; ~15% of Japan, working-age skew) · ~390 health insurance societies

Time period: 2005–2026

Receipts, health-checkup results, and enrolment records pooled from health insurance societies, with longitudinal traceability up to 20 years.

Coverage: Cumulative ~20.04M individuals ever enrolled (no annual count reported) · employee / national / late-stage-elderly health insurers · database built 2020

Time period: 2014–2025

Commercial claims database built by DeSC Healthcare, pooling receipts, enrolment records, and specific health-checkup data across all three Japanese insurer types (employee, national, and late-stage-elderly), so it spans children to the very old. Coverage reaches ~2.2% of employee-insurance, ~16.3% of national-insurance, and ~23.2% of late-stage-elderly members (as of 31 July 2026).

Coverage: Cumulative ~63.70M identifiers · annual ~18.71M (Apr 2025–Mar 2026; ~15.2% of Japan) · 949 hospitals · limited laboratory results

Time period: 2008–2026 (mainly from Apr 2010)

Inpatient and outpatient administrative claims plus DPC data; electronic medical chart data are not available, and laboratory results come from some hospitals only.

Coverage: ~7M individuals · Hong Kong Hospital Authority

Time period: 1995–present

Public-sector electronic medical records covering the great majority of Hong Kong residents.

Coverage: ~79M individuals · MOPH-affiliated public facilities nationwide

Time period: 2016–present

Common data model maintained by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH); the NHSO e-claim database is separate. Known as the 43 files, spanning ICD-10 diagnoses, dispensing, laboratory results, chronic-disease and antenatal follow-up, immunisation, and cause of death. In 2021 the platform received records from 947 MOPH and 55 non-MOPH public hospitals plus 9,760 subdistrict health promotion hospitals, uploaded at least monthly.